ABSTRACT The purpose of this research was to determine the content of macronutrients, dietary fiber, moisture and minerals in Salvia hispanica L.’s seeds. Moisture determination was carried out in a conventional oven until constant weight, proteins by the kjeldahl method, lipids by soxhlet, dietary fiber by the enzymatic gravimetric method and minerals by atomic absorption equipment, the anthrone colorimetric method was used for carbohydrates and the caloric value was determined by calculations. From the results, it can be informed that chia`s seeds have a significant content of dietary fiber 41.4 ± 1.20 g/100 g, lipids 22.3 + 0.283 g/100 g, protein 17.2 + 0.436 g/100 g and carbohydrates 8.46 ± 0.085 g/100 g. The minerals founded in greater concentration were potassium 617 ± 26.6 mg/100 g, calcium 532 ± 15.1 mg/100 g, magnesium 81.5 ± 2.25 mg/100 g, iron 10.8 ± 0.636 mg/100 g, in lower concentration sodium 8.97 ± 0.82 mg/100 g and zinc 4.03 ± 0.09 mg/100 g. Chia`s seeds stand out as a source of dietary fiber, potassium, calcium, magnesium and iron. Its low level of sodium makes it suitable for diets with low sodium intake. The consuming of chia seeds could contribute to a varied and healthy diet.

RESUMEN El propósito de la presente investigación fue determinar el contenido de macronutrientes, fibra alimentaria, humedad y minerales en semillas de Salvia hispanica L. La determinación de humedad se realizó en estufa convencional hasta peso constante, proteínas por el método de kjeldahl, lípidos por soxhlet, fibra alimentaria con método enzimático gravimétrico, minerales por espectrofotometría de absorción atómica, carbohidratos por el método colorimétrico de antrona y el valor calórico se determinó por cálculos. Con los resultados obtenidos se observó que las semillas de chía presentan un contenido importante de fibra alimentaria 41,4 ± 1,20 g/100 g, lípidos totales 22,3 + 0,283 g/100 g, proteínas 17,2 + 0,436 g/100 g y carbohidratos totales 8,46 ± 0,085 g/100 g. Los minerales encontrados en mayor concentración fueron potasio 617 ± 26,6 mg/100 g, calcio 532 ± 15,1 mg/100 g, magnesio 81,5 ± 2,25 mg/100 g, hierro 10,8 ± 0,636 mg/100 g y en menor concentración sodio 8,97 ± 0,82 mg/100 g y cinc 4,03 ± 0,09 mg/100 g. Las semillas de chía se destacan como fuente de fibra alimentaria, potasio, calcio, magnesio y hierro. Su bajo nivel de sodio lo hace recomendable para dietas con baja ingesta de sodio. Su consumo podría contribuir a una dieta variada y saludable.

Abstract INTRODUCTION Brazilian spotted fever is an infectious disease with a high mortality rate if not treated early. Differential diagnosis is difficult, as the first clinical signs are non-specific and can be confused with other diseases. The aim of the study was to investigate evidence of infection with Rickettsia rickettsii and Rickettsia parkeri in negative sera samples, collected in 2014, from patients with suspected leptospirosis, dengue fever, and meningococcal disease in Atibaia and Bragança Paulista municipalities of the State of São Paulo. METHODS The samples stored at the Institute Adolfo Lutz in Campinas were tested using an indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) with IgG and IgM against R. rickettsii and R. parkeri. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing was performed for the sera samples of patients who died (n = 3), those with initial suspicion of meningococcal disease (n = 6), and those with positive IFA results. RESULTS Of 258 samples from Bragança Paulista, 4 (1.6%) were positive, with IgG titers of 1:64 and 1:128 against R. rickettsii and R. parkeri, respectively. Of 155 samples from Atibaia, 2 (1.3%) were positive, with IgG titers of 1:64 and 1:128 against R. rickettsii and R. parkeri, respectively. No sample showed positive PCR results. CONCLUSIONS This serological investigation suggests there is evidence of exposure to Rickettsia spp. in residents of areas that have environmental conditions favorable to the spread of bacteria, in which Brazilian spotted fever incidence was not previously confirmed.

Abstract Brazilian spotted fever (BSF) is caused by the bacterium Rickettsia rickettsii. Because of its high case-fatality rate and apparent increase in areas of transmission, it is considered to be the rickettsial illness of primary public health interest. Cases of this disease have historically occurred in Southeastern Brazil. This article reports the first fatal case of BSF in Southern Brazil. This case high lights the importance of BSF to be considered as a differential diagnosis for acute hemorrhagic fever in areas where cases of BSF may not be expected.

This is an intervention on the space in-between buildings: it spreads a pavement, lays out lighting and adjusts the street profiles to define a new reality that qualify public space.

Esta es una operación arquitectónica realizada entre los volúmenes construidos: tiende un pavimento, dispone luminarias y ajusta perfiles de la calle para definir una nueva realidad y cualificar el espacio público.

A febre Q é uma zoonose de distribuição mundial causada por Coxiella burnetii, sendo raros os registros da doença no Brasil. Estudos soroepidemiológicos mostraram uma freqüência relativamente elevada de anticorpos contra Coxiella burnetii em populações com exposição ocupacional. Em humanos, pode se manifestar clinicamente como doença aguda ou crônica, sendo que a endocardite é a forma crônica mais freqüente da febre Q e de maior morbi-mortalidade. Relatamos um caso grave de endocardite por Coxiella burnetii adquirida no Brasil com desfecho fatal, apesar de antibioticoterapia adequada e tratamento cirúrgico valvar.

Q fever is a zoonosis of worldwide distribution that is caused by Coxiella burnetii. However, reports of this disease in Brazil are rare. Seroepidemiological studies have shown relatively high frequencies of antibodies against Coxiella burnetii in populations with occupational exposure. In humans, it can be manifested clinically as acute or chronic disease. Endocarditis is the most frequent chronic form of Q fever and the form with the greatest morbidity and mortality. We report a severe case of endocarditis due to Coxiella burnetii acquired in Brazil that had a fatal outcome, despite specific antibiotic therapy and valve surgery treatment.

Brazilian spotted fever (BSF) cases have been increasing in the state of São Paulo but no genomic information about local rickettsia isolated from humans has been well documented. We recovered spotted-fever group rickettsiae from a sample of patient blood cultured in Vero cells using the shell vial technique. Rickettsial DNA fragments (gltA, ompA, and, ompB genes) were detected, and analysis of the ompB gene base sequences showed identity with the Rickettsia rickettsii ompB sequence available in the GenBank.

Foram examinadas prospectivamente189 amostras cervicais de mulheres sintomáticas e assintomáticas. Foram colhidas 2 amostras do canal endocervical, das quais uma foi examinada pela reação de imunofluorescência direta (IFD) com anticorpo monoclonal (MicroTrak), para verificação da adequação das amostras. A segunda amostra foi inoculada em cultura de células McCoy. Uma terceira amostra foi coletada para pesquisa de anticorpos das classes IgG e IgA. A Chlamydia trachomatis foi isolada de 14/166 (8,4%) das mulheres com sintomas e de 3/23 (13%) daquelas sem sintomas. Observamos que as 152 mulheres do grupo sintomático, com cultura negativa, possuiam sintomas equivalentes. Em relação ao número de células epiteliais, verificou-se que 13 das 17 (76,5%) amostras endocervicais positivas pela cultura e pela IFD, todas apresentavam mais de 5 células. Tomando-se como critério de positividade títulos <FONT FACE="Symbol">³</FONT> 1:8, foram detectados anticorpos das classes IgG e/ou IgA específicos para C. trachomatis em 11/189 (64,7%) das 17 mulheres com cultura positiva. Conclusões: a) não existe sintoma que seja específico de infecção por clamídia (p > 0,05); b) a quantidade de células epiteliais representariam fator de interferência na positividade da cultura, sendo, portanto, variáveis dependentes (p < 0,001); c) a pesquisa de anticorpos na cérvice não poderia ser utilizada como diagnóstico alternativo, pois a sua detecção depende da fase evolutiva da infecção e da resposta imunitária individual.

In order to evaluate the occurrence of Chlamydia trachomatis, we have examined samples of cervical swabs from 189 women (166 of which were symptomatic and the remaining 23 were asymptomatic with regard to chlamydial infection. Two specimens from the endocervical channel were collected and examined by immunofluorescent assay (DIF) and Chlamydia isolation. Detection of IgG and IgA antibodies specific to C. trachomatis was also effected by indirect immunofluorescent assay (IIF), in a cervical secretion sample. We succeeded in isolating chlamydia in 14 (8.4%) symptomatic and 3 (13%) asymptomatic women. The observation that the 152 symptomatic patients with negative results from chlamydia culture presented similar symptoms of disease, indicating that there is no specific symptom for genital infection caused by Chlamydia (p > 0.05). All the 13 (76.5%) positive endocervical specimens, as determined by cell culture and DIF reaction, presented more than 5 epithelial cells in the smears. These cells may represent an interference factor to the positivity of cell culture (p < 0.001). Antibodies of the IgG and/or IgA classes were detected in 11 (64.7%) out of 17 women with positive chlamydia culture, considering as positive the IIF titre of <FONT FACE="Symbol">³</FONT> 8. Consequently, this method can not be used as an alternative means of diagnosis, particularly in the earlier stages of chlamydial genital infections, since the presence of the antibodies depends on the phase of the infection and on the individual humoral immune response.

Embora o diagnóstico da febre maculosa baseie-se em sinais e sintomas característicos, o mesmo requer confirmação laboratorial, pois existem alguns diagnósticos diferenciais possíveis como meningococcemia, leptospirose, infecção por enterovírus e febre tifóide. A confirmação laboratorial pode ser feita através da pesquisa de anticorpos específicos, possível somente alguns dias após o aparecimento da doença, através do isolamento do agente em amostras de sangue e/ou biópsia de pele, e ainda, de amostras de carrapatos coletados do paciente ou de animais reservatório. O isolamento a partir de sangue ou biópsia de pele resulta em diagnóstico precoce da doença, pois na fase de rickettsemia ainda não há anticorpos detectáveis no sangue. Assim, com o objetivo de facilitar o diagnóstico precoce da febre maculosa, estabelecemos um método de isolamento de rickettsia em cultura de células vero. Para a padronização foi inoculada amostra padrão de Rickettsia rickettsii, cepa Sheyla Smith, cedida pelo CDC. A identificação foi feita através da reação de imunofluorescência indireta. A presença de microrganismos verdes fluorescentes visualizados no interior do citoplasma das células caracterizou o crescimento do agente. Posteriormente, a metodologia foi confirmada pelo isolamento do agente da febre maculosa em amostras de biópsia de pele de paciente proveniente de área endêmica no Estado de São Paulo, bem como, de amostras de carrapato do gênero Amblyomma, considerado o reservatório e transmissor da doença no Brasil.

The diagnosis of spotted fever is based on characteristic signs and symptoms but requires laboratorial confirmation because of the possible differencial diagnosis from other diseases like leptospirosis, enterovirosis, meningococcemia and tiphoid fever. Laboratorial confirmation may be done by detection of specific antibodies which is possible only 5-10 days after the onset of the symptoms or by the isolation of Rickettsiae from blood and/or skin biopsy and from ticks collected in the patient or in the animal reservoir. The isolation of Rickettsiae from blood or skin biopsy results in an early diagnosis of spotted fever since in the rickettsiemic phase of the disease there is no detectable level of antibodies in the serum. With the purpose of facilitating the diagnosis of Spotted Fever we have standardized the isolation of Rickettsiae in cell culture by a method that is less time consuming and that reduces the biological risks than isolation in guinea pigs. vero cell cultures were inoculated with the Sheyla Smith strain of Rickettsia rickettsii provided by CDC (Atlanta-USA). The identification was performed by indirect immunofluorescence technique. The presence of green fluorescent organisms characterized the growth of the agent. Ulterior confirmation of the methodology was done by isolation of the spotted fever agent from skin biopsy of a patient from an endemic area and from Amblyomma ticks that are the reservoir and vector of the Brazilian spotted fever.

Presença de Rickettsia na pele de doente de Febre Maculosa foi evidenciada por inoculação intraperitoneal em cobaio. O diagnóstico sorológico por imunoflüorescência indireta revelou diferença de título de anticorpos específicos para Rickettsia rickettsii, de 4 vezes entre a 1º e a 3º amostra. Imunoglobulina M (IgM) específica foi detectada nas amostras de sangue, evidência de infecção em atividade ou recente. Foi também detectada a presença de anticorpos específicos para R. rickettsii no soro dos cobaios inoculados.

A 2 years old child living in an area of the State of São Paulo, known in the past as endemic for rickettsiosis developed clinical evidences of spotted fever after a tick bite. Rickettsiae were isolated from guinea pigs inoculated with a skin homogenate. In sera tested by indirect immunofluorescence with Rickettsia rickettsii standard antigen, IgG specific antibody titers raised from 1:512 in the first sample to 1:2048 in the third one; IgM specific antibody titer was 1:128 in the three samples. Also positive were sera obtained from the inoculated guinea pigs. In the last 20 years no other case of rickettsial spotted fever has been confirmed by isolation of the agent in Brasil. To our knowlwdge, there are no previous reports of isolation of Rickettsiae through inoculation of skin biopsy homogenates.